2D: Add missing categorized logging to property setters

Several property setters in the 2D graphs subsystem were missing the
categorized qCDebug/qCWarning logging that most other setters already
emit when a value is unchanged or invalid. Bring axisgrid.cpp,
axisline.cpp, and axisticker.cpp (the file named in the bug report) in
line with the convention established by qabstractaxis.cpp, and fill in
the same gap across the axis range-setter family (qvalueaxis.cpp,
qdatetimeaxis.cpp, qbarcategoryaxis.cpp), the series base classes
(qabstractseries.cpp, qxyseries.cpp), and the per-item data classes
(qbarset.cpp, qpieslice.cpp, qcustomseriesdata.cpp).

Pick-to: 6.12 6.11.3
Task-number: QTBUG-143307
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Change-Id: Ic2763c7eaba3828d35f340c53721b71ad07a80f5
Reviewed-by: Owais Akhtar <owais.akhtar@qt.io>
Reviewed-by: Tomi Korpipää <tomi.korpipaa@qt.io>